====== gōnggòng: 公共 - Public, Common, Communal ======
===== Quick Summary =====
  *   **Keywords:** gonggong, 公共, public in Chinese, common, communal, public space, public transport, public facilities, Chinese for public, gonggong meaning, HSK 4 vocabulary.
  *   **Summary:** "公共 (gōnggòng)" is a fundamental Chinese adjective meaning "public," "common," or "communal." It is used to describe spaces, facilities, and services that are shared by everyone in a society, such as public transportation (公共交通) or public parks. Learning how to use **公共** is essential for navigating daily life in China and understanding the cultural value placed on shared, collective resources.
===== Core Meaning =====
  *   **Pinyin (with tone marks):** gōnggòng
  *   **Part of Speech:** Adjective
  *   **HSK Level:** HSK 4
  *   **Concise Definition:** Pertaining to or for the use of all members of a community; public.
  *   **In a Nutshell:** **公共** is the word you attach to a noun to show it's "for everybody." It's the opposite of "private" (私人, sīrén). If you can walk in and use something without special permission—like a library, a bus, or a park bench—it's probably a **公共** item or place. It signifies shared access and collective ownership.
===== Character Breakdown =====
  *   **公 (gōng):** This character's core meaning is "public" or "open." It contrasts with anything private or selfish. Think of it as representing the official, shared sphere of life.
  *   **共 (gòng):** This character is derived from a pictogram of two hands holding something up together. It means "together," "common," or "to share."
When combined, **公共 (gōnggòng)** creates a powerful and unambiguous meaning: "publicly shared." The two characters reinforce each other to describe things belonging to or for the use of everyone.
===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
In Western cultures, particularly in the US, the "public" sphere (public spaces, public debate) is often strongly associated with individual rights, freedom of speech, and a place for protest or dissent. A public square is seen as a cornerstone of democratic expression.
In China, while **公共** refers to the same kinds of places (parks, squares, transport), the cultural emphasis is slightly different. The concept is more closely tied to utility, social order, and collective well-being provided by the state or community. A **公共** space is primarily for shared, harmonious activity. A perfect example is the phenomenon of "square dancing" (广场舞, guǎngchǎng wǔ), where large groups of people, typically middle-aged and older women, gather in public squares (公共广场) for synchronized dancing. This highlights the use of public space for organized, collective recreation rather than individualistic expression. The value is on the orderly, shared use of a common resource.
===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
**公共** is one of the most practical and frequently used words in daily life. It functions as a prefix to countless nouns, creating essential compound words. You will see and hear it constantly when navigating any Chinese city. Its connotation is neutral and descriptive; it simply labels something as being for public use.
Common combinations include:
  *   **公共交通 (gōnggòng jiāotōng):** Public transportation
  *   **公共场所 (gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ):** Public place
  *   **公共安全 (gōnggòng ānquán):** Public security/safety
  *   **公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng):** Public health/hygiene
  *   **公共设施 (gōnggòng shèshī):** Public facilities
===== Example Sentences =====
  *   **Example 1:**
    *   我每天坐**公共**汽车上班。
    *   Pinyin: Wǒ měitiān zuò **gōnggòng** qìchē shàngbān.
    *   English: I take the public bus to work every day.
    *   Analysis: This shows the most common use of **公共** to form the word for "bus." **公共汽车** is often shortened to **公交 (gōngjiāo)** in spoken Chinese.
  *   **Example 2:**
    *   请保持**公共**场所的清洁。
    *   Pinyin: Qǐng bǎochí **gōnggòng** chǎngsuǒ de qīngjié.
    *   English: Please keep public places clean.
    *   Analysis: This is a very common sign you'll see in parks, metro stations, and other public areas. **公共场所** is a key phrase for any traveler.
  *   **Example 3:**
    *   这个公园是免费向**公众**开放的。
    *   Pinyin: Zhège gōngyuán shì miǎnfèi xiàng **gōngzhòng** kāifàng de.
    *   English: This park is open to the public for free.
    *   Analysis: Note the use of **公众 (gōngzhòng)** here, which means "the public" (as in, the people). **公共** is the adjective describing the park, while **公众** is the noun for the people who use it.
  *   **Example 4:**
    *   政府投资了很多钱来改善**公共**设施。
    *   Pinyin: Zhèngfǔ tóuzīle hěn duō qián lái gǎishàn **gōnggòng** shèshī.
    *   English: The government invested a lot of money to improve public facilities.
    *   Analysis: **公共设施 (gōnggòng shèshī)** is a broad term for infrastructure like public restrooms, benches, lighting, and sports equipment.
  *   **Example 5:**
    *   在电影院里请不要大声说话，以免影响**公共**秩序。
    *   Pinyin: Zài diànyǐngyuàn lǐ qǐng bùyào dàshēng shuōhuà, yǐmiǎn yǐngxiǎng **gōnggòng** zhìxù.
    *   English: Please do not speak loudly in the movie theater, so as not to affect public order.
    *   Analysis: This sentence highlights the cultural value of maintaining order and not disturbing others in a shared, or **公共**, space.
  *   **Example 6:**
    *   **公共**卫生是每个公民的责任。
    *   Pinyin: **Gōnggòng** wèishēng shì měi ge gōngmín de zérèn.
    *   English: Public health is every citizen's responsibility.
    *   Analysis: **公共卫生** refers both to public hygiene (like sanitation) and the broader field of public health.
  *   **Example 7:**
    *   这家公司很注重**公共**关系。
    *   Pinyin: Zhè jiā gōngsī hěn zhùzhòng **gōnggòng** guānxi.
    *   English: This company pays great attention to public relations (PR).
    *   Analysis: **公共关系 (gōnggòng guānxì)** is a direct loan translation for "public relations," showing the term's use in a modern business context.
  *   **Example 8:**
    *   这个城市有非常发达的**公共**交通系统。
    *   Pinyin: Zhège chéngshì yǒu fēicháng fādá de **gōnggòng** jiāotōng xìtǒng.
    *   English: This city has a very developed public transportation system.
    *   Analysis: **公共交通** is a set phrase that includes buses, subways, and sometimes public bike-sharing systems.
  *   **Example 9:**
    *   图书馆是一个重要的**公共**文化空间。
    *   Pinyin: Túshūguǎn shì yī gè zhòngyào de **gōnggòng** wénhuà kōngjiān.
    *   English: The library is an important public cultural space.
    *   Analysis: This shows how **公共** can be combined with other concepts like "culture" (文化) and "space" (空间).
  *   **Example 10:**
    *   为了**公共**安全，机场的安检非常严格。
    *   Pinyin: Wèile **gōnggòng** ānquán, jīchǎng de ānjiǎn fēicháng yángé.
    *   English: For the sake of public safety, the airport's security check is very strict.
    *   Analysis: **公共安全** is the official term for "public security," often managed by the police and other government bodies.
===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
  *   **"Public" vs. "Common":** This is a major pitfall. In English, we can say "This is a common mistake." A learner might incorrectly translate this as "这是一个**公共**的错误." This is wrong. **公共** refers to shared access/ownership, not frequency. For something that happens often, you should use **常见 (chángjiàn)** or **普通 (pǔtōng)**.
    *   **Incorrect:** 这是一个公共的问题。(Zhè shì yī gè gōnggòng de wèntí.)
    *   **Correct:** 这是一个很**常见**的问题。(Zhè shì yī gè hěn chángjiàn de wèntí.)
  *   **公共 (gōnggòng) vs. 公众 (gōngzhòng):** These look and sound similar but are different parts of speech.
    *   **公共 (gōnggòng)** is an **adjective** that describes things: **公共**汽车 (public bus).
    *   **公众 (gōngzhòng)** is a **noun** that refers to **the people**: 为**公众**服务 (serve the public).
    *   Think of it this way: **公共** facilities are for the **公众**.
  *   **公共 (gōnggòng) vs. 公开 (gōngkāi):**
    *   **公共** describes tangible things and spaces (public park, public bus).
    *   **公开 (gōngkāi)** means "open" or "overt" and describes information or actions. It means to make something known to the public, not just available for public use.
    *   Example: 他**公开**了他的秘密。(Tā gōngkāi le tā de mìmì.) - He made his secret public.
    *   Example: 这是一个**公共**的秘密。(Zhè shì yī gè gōnggòng de mìmì.) - This is an open secret (a secret everyone already knows). Note: this is a rare idiomatic use.
===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
  *   [[公众]] (gōngzhòng) - The public (noun, refers to people). **公共** things are for the **公众**.
  *   [[私人]] (sīrén) - Private; personal. The direct antonym of **公共**.
  *   [[公开]] (gōngkāi) - To make public; open; overt. Refers to making information known, whereas **公共** refers to shared spaces or objects.
  *   [[社区]] (shèqū) - Community. More specific than **公共**. A "community center" is a [[社区中心]] (shèqū zhōngxīn), not a "公共中心".
  *   [[集体]] (jítǐ) - Collective. Similar to **公共** but often used in the context of a specific group, like a company or socialist work unit (e.g., 集体所有制, jítǐ suǒyǒuzhì - collective ownership).
  *   [[社会]] (shèhuì) - Society. The largest context. **公共** facilities are a component of modern **社会**.
  *   [[公共汽车]] (gōnggòng qìchē) - Public bus. The most common specific example of a **公共** item. Often shortened to [[公交]] (gōngjiāo).
  *   [[广场]] (guǎngchǎng) - Public square. A classic example of a [[公共场所]] (gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ).