====== gòngshí: 共识 - Consensus, Common Understanding, Agreement ======
===== Quick Summary =====
  * **Keywords:** 共识, gòngshí, Chinese consensus, reach a consensus in Chinese, common understanding in Chinese, political consensus China, social consensus China, Chinese agreement, how to say consensus in Chinese.
  * **Summary:** The Chinese term **共识 (gòngshí)** translates to "consensus" or "common understanding," but it carries a deeper cultural weight than a simple agreement. It represents a shared viewpoint achieved by a group through discussion, vital for maintaining harmony in social, business, and political contexts in China. Learning how to use **共识 (gòngshí)** is key to understanding the collaborative and group-oriented nature of Chinese decision-making.
===== Core Meaning =====
  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** gòngshí
  * **Part of Speech:** Noun
  * **HSK Level:** HSK 6
  * **Concise Definition:** A consensus, a common understanding, or a mutual agreement reached by a group.
  * **In a Nutshell:** Think of `共识` not as a quick "yes" or a vote, but as the end point of a journey. It's when a group has talked through their different opinions and finally arrived at a single, shared perspective that everyone can stand behind. It implies unity, alignment, and a collective will, making it much stronger than a simple "agreement."
===== Character Breakdown =====
  * **共 (gòng):** This character means "common," "shared," or "together." You can visualize it as two hands (the top part) holding something up from a platform (the bottom part), signifying a shared effort.
  * **识 (shí):** This character means "to know," "knowledge," or "consciousness." It's made of the "speech" radical (言 yán) on the left and a phonetic component on the right, linking it to expressed knowledge and understanding.
  
When combined, `共识 (gòngshí)` literally means "common knowledge" or "shared understanding." This beautifully captures the idea of a group arriving at the same mental and ideological place.
===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
In Chinese culture, which is heavily influenced by collectivism and the pursuit of harmony (和谐, héxié), `共识` is a highly valued social lubricant. The process of reaching `共识` is often more important than the final decision itself. It ensures that no single person feels ignored and that the group moves forward as a unified whole.
A useful comparison is with the Western concept of "majority rule." In many Western contexts, a 51% vote is enough to make a decision, leaving 49% of the group potentially dissatisfied. The Chinese approach, by contrast, strives for `共识`, where discussion continues until a solution that everyone can genuinely support is found. This avoids direct confrontation, preserves "face" (面子, miànzi) for all involved, and strengthens group relationships. It's less about winning a debate and more about building a collective foundation for future action.
===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
`共识` is a formal and significant word used across various domains.
  * **In Politics and Diplomacy:** This is where you'll hear `共识` most often. National leaders and diplomats constantly speak of "达成共识" (dáchéng gòngshí - to reach a consensus) on issues like trade, climate change, and international relations. It signals a successful negotiation and a unified stance.
  * **In Business:** Achieving `共识` with a Chinese partner is a critical step in any negotiation. It means both sides have aligned their goals and vision before getting into the nitty-gritty details of a contract. Rushing this process is often seen as rude and can jeopardize the deal.
  * **In Daily Life:** While slightly formal for casual chats, it can be used when a group of friends or family members are making an important collective decision, like planning a major trip or investment. It implies a more serious level of agreement than simply deciding which restaurant to go to.
===== Example Sentences =====
  * **Example 1:** 
    * 经过长时间的讨论，双方终于达成了**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Jīngguò cháng shíjiān de tǎolùn, shuāngfāng zhōngyú dáchéngle **gòngshí**.
    * English: After a long discussion, both sides finally reached a consensus.
    * Analysis: This is a classic example from a business or diplomatic context. "达成共识" (dáchéng gòngshí) is the most common collocation, meaning "to reach a consensus."
  * **Example 2:** 
    * 在这个问题上，我们内部还没有形成**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Zài zhège wèntí shàng, wǒmen nèibù hái méiyǒu xíngchéng **gòngshí**.
    * English: On this issue, we have not yet formed a consensus internally.
    * Analysis: Here, "形成共识" (xíngchéng gòngshí) means "to form a consensus." This highlights that consensus is a process that takes time.
  * **Example 3:** 
    * 保护环境是全社会的**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Bǎohù huánjìng shì quán shèhuì de **gòngshí**.
    * English: Protecting the environment is a consensus of the entire society.
    * Analysis: This shows `共识` used to describe a widely held societal belief or value. It functions as a core principle that everyone agrees on.
  * **Example 4:** 
    * 缺乏**共识**是导致项目失败的主要原因。
    * Pinyin: Quēfá **gòngshí** shì dǎozhì xiàngmù shībài de zhǔyào yuányīn.
    * English: A lack of consensus was the main reason for the project's failure.
    * Analysis: This example demonstrates the negative consequence of not having `共识`, emphasizing its importance for success.
  * **Example 5:** 
    * 我们的目标是建立广泛的**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Wǒmen de mùbiāo shì jiànlì guǎngfàn de **gòngshí**.
    * English: Our goal is to build a broad consensus.
    * Analysis: "建立共识" (jiànlì gòngshí) means "to build/establish consensus." It's another common formal verb used with the term.
  * **Example 6:** 
    * 团队成员之间需要有基本的**共识**才能合作。
    * Pinyin: Tuánduì chéngyuán zhījiān xūyào yǒu jīběn de **gòngshí** cái néng hézuò.
    * English: Team members need to have a basic consensus in order to cooperate.
    * Analysis: This highlights the prerequisite nature of `共识` for effective teamwork.
  * **Example 7:** 
    * 这个问题很有争议，很难达成**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Zhège wèntí hěn yǒu zhēngyì, hěn nán dáchéng **gòngshí**.
    * English: This issue is very controversial; it's difficult to reach a consensus.
    * Analysis: This sentence illustrates a situation where achieving `共识` is challenging, contrasting it with divisive topics.
  * **Example 8:** 
    * 两国领导人就深化合作交换了意见，并凝聚了新的**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Liǎng guó lǐngdǎorén jiù shēnhuà hézuò jiāohuànle yìjiàn, bìng níngjùle xīn de **gòngshí**.
    * English: The leaders of the two countries exchanged views on deepening cooperation and forged a new consensus.
    * Analysis: "凝聚共识" (níngjù gòngshí) is a very formal, literary way to say "to build/consolidate consensus," often seen in official news. It literally means "to congeal" a consensus.
  * **Example 9:** 
    * 寻找**共识**的过程比**共识**本身更重要。
    * Pinyin: Xúnzhǎo **gòngshí** de guòchéng bǐ **gòngshí** běnshēn gèng zhòngyào.
    * English: The process of seeking consensus is more important than the consensus itself.
    * Analysis: This sentence captures the cultural philosophy behind `共识`—that the journey of discussion and alignment is highly valued.
  * **Example 10:** 
    * 我们必须在尊重彼此差异的基础上寻求**共识**。
    * Pinyin: Wǒmen bìxū zài zūnzhòng bǐcǐ chāyì de jīchǔ shàng xúnqiú **gòngshí**.
    * English: We must seek consensus on the basis of respecting each other's differences.
    * Analysis: This shows the nuance of the process. `共识` doesn't mean erasing differences, but finding a common path forward despite them.
===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
  * **`共识 (gòngshí)` vs. `同意 (tóngyì)`:** This is the most common point of confusion for learners.
    * `同意 (tóngyì)` means "to agree" or "to approve." It is a verb and reflects an individual's opinion. You can say "我同意" (Wǒ tóngyì - I agree).
    * `共识 (gòngshí)` is a noun representing a collective state. It belongs to a group, not an individual.
    * **Incorrect:** ~~我共识你的计划。~~ (Wǒ gòngshí nǐ de jìhuà.)
    * **Correct:** 我**同意**你的计划。(Wǒ **tóngyì** nǐ de jìhuà. - I agree with your plan.)
    * **Correct:** 我们对这个计划达成了**共识**。(Wǒmen duì zhège jìhuà dáchéngle **gòngshí**. - We reached a consensus on this plan.)
  * **Not Just a "Compromise":** While reaching a `共识` might involve compromise, the end goal is different. A compromise can feel like both sides lost something. A true `共识` feels like the group created a new, better solution together that everyone supports. It carries a much more positive and unified connotation.
===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
  * [[同意]] (tóngyì) - To agree. An individual's approval, whereas `共识` is a group's shared state.
  * [[协议]] (xiéyì) - Agreement, pact. A more formal, often written, outcome of a discussion, like a treaty or contract. Reaching a `共识` is often a prerequisite to signing a `协议`.
  * [[和谐]] (héxié) - Harmony. The ultimate cultural goal that the process of achieving `共识` serves to maintain.
  * [[分歧]] (fēnqí) - Difference, divergence. The opposite of `共识`; the state of having differing opinions that need to be resolved.
  * [[求同存异]] (qiú tóng cún yì) - An idiom meaning "to seek common ground while reserving differences." This is a key principle and strategy for reaching `共识` in complex negotiations.
  * [[意见]] (yìjiàn) - Opinion, suggestion. These are the individual viewpoints that are discussed and synthesized to form a `共识`.
  * [[谅解]] (liàngjiě) - Mutual understanding, forbearance. A state of empathy that often helps in the process of building `共识`, where parties understand each other's positions even if they differ.
  * [[达成]] (dáchéng) - To reach, to achieve. The most common verb used with `共识`, as in "达成共识."