====== xiàn gòu: 限购 - Purchase Restrictions, Purchase Limits ======
===== Quick Summary =====
  * **Keywords:** xiàn gòu, 限购, Chinese purchase restrictions, China real estate limit, buying limit China, housing policy China, car purchase limit, 限购政策, 限购令, property market control
  * **Summary:** Understand the crucial modern Chinese term **限购 (xiàn gòu)**, which translates to "purchase restrictions" or "purchase limits." This term is essential for anyone interested in modern China, as it refers to government policies designed to control the economy by limiting how many high-value items, like apartments or cars, an individual can buy. This page breaks down its meaning, cultural significance, and practical use in navigating life and news in China today.
===== Core Meaning =====
  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** xiàn gòu
  * **Part of Speech:** Verb / Noun
  * **HSK Level:** N/A (Advanced/News Vocabulary)
  * **Concise Definition:** To impose a limit on the quantity of a commodity that an individual or household can purchase.
  * **In a Nutshell:** Imagine a rule saying, "You can only buy one house in this city." That's **限购 (xiàn gòu)**. It's a top-down government policy, not a store promotion. It's most famously used to cool down skyrocketing real estate prices and limit the number of cars on the road in major cities. For ordinary people, it can be a major source of frustration and a significant life hurdle. For policymakers, it's a powerful tool to manage the economy and prevent speculative bubbles.
===== Character Breakdown =====
  * **限 (xiàn):** To limit, restrict, or set a boundary. Think of a line you are not allowed to cross. It implies a firm rule or limitation.
  * **购 (gòu):** To purchase or buy. This is a more formal character for "buy" than the common word `买 (mǎi)`.
  * The two characters combine literally and powerfully to mean **"to limit purchasing."** The formality of `购 (gòu)` hints that this is not a casual store policy, but often an official regulation.
===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
**限购 (xiàn gòu)** is more than just a piece of vocabulary; it's a window into China's state-led economic management and social priorities.
  *   **Economic Control vs. Free Market:** In many Western economies, the idea of a government telling a qualified citizen they are not allowed to buy a second home is unusual. It would be seen as a major infringement on free-market principles. In China, however, the government takes a much more active, interventionist role in steering the economy. **限购** policies are a prime example of this, prioritizing social stability (preventing a housing bubble crash) and affordability over individual transactional freedom.
  *   **Curbing Speculation (炒房):** The primary driver for real estate **限购** was the phenomenon of `炒房 (chǎo fáng)`, or "stir-frying houses"—flipping properties for a quick and massive profit. This speculation drove prices to astronomical levels, making housing unattainable for average workers and first-time buyers (`刚需 gāng xū`). **限购** was implemented as a direct countermeasure to cool this speculative fever.
  *   **Comparison to a Western Concept:** A loose comparison is **rationing** during wartime, but the motivation is entirely different. Rationing is about managing extreme scarcity. **限购** is about managing demand and curbing speculation in a market that has plenty of supply, albeit at inflated prices. It is a tool of economic engineering, not resource distribution. It reflects a governing philosophy where the collective good (a stable housing market) can justify restricting individual economic activity.
===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
You will encounter **限购** primarily in two major contexts of modern urban life. The rules are often complex and vary by city.
  *   **Real Estate (房地产 fángdìchǎn):** This is the most common use. A city's **限购** policy might state that:
    *   People without a local `户口 (hùkǒu)` (household registration) cannot buy property at all, or must have paid social security in the city for a certain number of years.
    *   Local residents may be limited to owning only one or two properties per family.
    *   These rules are a constant topic of discussion among anyone considering buying a home.
  *   **Automobiles (汽车 qìchē):** To combat traffic congestion and air pollution, megacities like Beijing and Shanghai have **限购** policies for new cars. This doesn't just mean you need money; you need a purchase permit.
    *   This permit is often obtained through a `摇号 (yáo hào)`, a lottery system where millions of people enter but only a tiny fraction win the right to buy a car each month.
    *   In some cities, the permit is auctioned to the highest bidder.
The connotation of **限购** is almost always neutral when stated in the news but is felt negatively by the individuals it restricts. It's a bureaucratic hurdle that can dramatically alter a person's life plans.
===== Example Sentences =====
  * **Example 1:**
    * 为了控制房价，很多大城市都实行了**限购**政策。
    * Pinyin: Wèile kòngzhì fángjià, hěnduō dà chéngshì dōu shíxíngle **xiàn gòu** zhèngcè.
    * English: In order to control housing prices, many large cities have implemented **purchase restriction** policies.
    * Analysis: This is a classic, neutral statement you would read in a news article explaining the policy's purpose. `政策 (zhèngcè)` means "policy."
  * **Example 2:**
    * 我没有北京户口，被**限购**了，买不了房。
    * Pinyin: Wǒ méiyǒu Běijīng hùkǒu, bèi **xiàn gòu** le, mǎi bùliǎo fáng.
    * English: I don't have a Beijing household registration, so I'm affected by the **purchase restrictions** and can't buy a house.
    * Analysis: Here, `被 (bèi)` is used to create a passive sentence, emphasizing that the speaker is a victim of the policy. This shows the personal, negative impact of **限购**.
  * **Example 3:**
    * 上海买车要摇号，因为有**限购**。
    * Pinyin: Shànghǎi mǎi chē yào yáo hào, yīnwèi yǒu **xiàn gòu**.
    * English: You have to enter a lottery to buy a car in Shanghai because there are **purchase restrictions**.
    * Analysis: This sentence directly links **限购** to its common mechanism, the `摇号 (yáo hào)` lottery system.
  * **Example 4:**
    * 最近有传言说，深圳的**限购**政策可能会放松。
    * Pinyin: Zuìjìn yǒu chuányán shuō, Shēnzhèn de **xiàn gòu** zhèngcè kěnéng huì fàngsōng.
    * English: Recently, there have been rumors that Shenzhen's **purchase restriction** policy might be relaxed.
    * Analysis: "Relaxing" (`放松 fàngsōng`) or "tightening" (`收紧 shōujǐn`) **限购** policies is a frequent topic of news and speculation.
  * **Example 5:**
    * 这个城市**限购**吗？我想在这里投资一套公寓。
    * Pinyin: Zhège chéngshì **xiàn gòu** ma? Wǒ xiǎng zài zhèlǐ tóuzī yī tào gōngyù.
    * English: Does this city have **purchase restrictions**? I want to invest in an apartment here.
    * Analysis: A practical question for anyone looking to buy property in China. **限购** is used as a verb here: "Does [the city] limit purchases?"
  * **Example 6:**
    * 由于**限购**，房地产市场的交易量下降了。
    * Pinyin: Yóuyú **xiàn gòu**, fángdìchǎn shìchǎng de jiāoyì liàng xiàjiàng le.
    * English: Due to the **purchase restrictions**, the transaction volume in the real estate market has decreased.
    * Analysis: This shows the intended economic effect of the policy. `由于 (yóuyú)` means "due to."
  * **Example 7:**
    * 为了规避**限购**，他们甚至想到了“假离婚”。
    * Pinyin: Wèile guībì **xiàn gòu**, tāmen shènzhì xiǎngdàole “jiǎ líhūn”.
    * English: In order to circumvent the **purchase restrictions**, they even considered a "fake divorce."
    * Analysis: This highlights the extreme measures people sometimes take to get around the policy, a widely discussed social phenomenon. `规避 (guībì)` means to circumvent or evade.
  * **Example 8:**
    * 这款新手机太火了，每人**限购**一台。
    * Pinyin: Zhè kuǎn xīn shǒujī tài huǒ le, měi rén **xiàn gòu** yī tái.
    * English: This new phone is so popular that each person is **limited to purchasing** one.
    * Analysis: This shows **限购** used on a smaller scale for a consumer product, though this usage is less common than for property or cars. It's often interchangeable with `限量 (xiànliàng)` in this specific context, but **限购** focuses on the buyer's limit.
  * **Example 9:**
    * 政府发布了新的**限购令**。
    * Pinyin: Zhèngfǔ fābùle xīn de **xiàn gòu lìng**.
    * English: The government issued a new **purchase restriction order**.
    * Analysis: `限购令 (xiàn gòu lìng)` is a more formal and official term, with `令 (lìng)` meaning "order" or "decree."
  * **Example 10:**
    * **限购**对我们这种刚需用户太不友好了。
    * Pinyin: **Xiàn gòu** duì wǒmen zhè zhǒng gāng xū yònghù tài bù yǒuhǎo le.
    * English: The **purchase restriction policy** is very unfriendly to "rigid demand" users like us.
    * Analysis: This sentence uses the key economic term `刚需 (gāng xū)`, referring to people who have a genuine, non-speculative need to buy a home (e.g., for marriage or starting a family). It captures the frustration of those the policy inadvertently hurts.
===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
  *   **Mistake 1: Confusing `限购 (xiàn gòu)` with "Sold Out"**
    *   `限购` does not mean an item is out of stock. It means there is a rule limiting who can buy it or how many they can buy, even if there is plenty of stock available.
    *   **Incorrect:** `这件衣服限购了。` (Meaning to say, "This dress is sold out.")
    *   **Correct:** `这件衣服卖完了 (mài wán le)。` (This dress is sold out.)
    *   **Correct:** `这件衣服每人限购一件 (měi rén xiàn gòu yī jiàn)。` (Each person is limited to buying one of this dress.)
  *   **Mistake 2: Confusing `限购 (xiàn gòu)` with `限量 (xiànliàng)`**
    *   This is the most critical distinction.
    *   **限购 (xiàn gòu) - Limit on the BUYER:** It restricts the person. "You, the customer, are only allowed to buy one."
    *   **限量 (xiànliàng) - Limit on the PRODUCT:** It restricts the item. "There are only 100 of these in total." (e.g., a limited edition watch).
    *   While their effects can sometimes overlap (a "limit one per customer" rule on a limited-edition item), their focus is different. **限购** is a policy about the purchaser; **限量** is a fact about the product's availability.
===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
  * [[限购政策]] (xiàn gòu zhèngcè) - The full, formal name: "purchase restriction policy."
  * [[限购令]] (xiàn gòu lìng) - "Purchase restriction order," the official decree from the government.
  * [[摇号]] (yáo hào) - The "lottery system" used to allocate purchase permits for cars in cities with **限购**.
  * [[户口]] (hùkǒu) - The "household registration system," a critical document that often determines your eligibility to buy property under **限购** rules.
  * [[房价]] (fángjià) - "Housing prices," the primary economic indicator that **限购** policies aim to control.
  * [[炒房]] (chǎo fáng) - "To speculate on real estate," the exact activity that **限购** is designed to suppress.
  * [[刚需]] (gāng xū) - "Rigid/essential demand," referring to non-speculative buyers (like first-time homebuyers) who need to buy a house to live in.
  * [[限量]] (xiànliàng) - "Limited quantity." Refers to a limited supply of a product, not a restriction on the buyer.
  * [[限行]] (xiàn xíng) - "Driving restrictions." A related policy in big cities that limits which cars can be on the road on certain days, based on license plate numbers.