刻苦 (kèkǔ) is more than a descriptor; it's a cultural virtue. It's deeply rooted in the Chinese philosophy of 吃苦 (chī kǔ), which literally means “to eat bitterness.” This is the idea that enduring hardship is not only necessary for success but is also a noble and character-building experience.
Comparison to Western Concepts: In the West, especially in modern business culture, there's a strong emphasis on “working smart, not hard.” The goal is often efficiency and finding the easiest path to a result. While Chinese culture also values intelligence, 刻苦 (kèkǔ) praises the willingness to take the hard path. It's much closer to the English concept of “grit” or “fortitude,” but applied specifically to the labor of study or work. The visible struggle and perseverance are, in themselves, a mark of high moral character.
Educational Roots: This value is heavily tied to the historical imperial examination system (科举, kējǔ), where scholars from all backgrounds could achieve high social status through years of incredibly difficult and dedicated study. This created a powerful cultural narrative that personal betterment and success are achieved through immense, often painful, effort. Today, you will hear this term used constantly by parents and teachers to praise or encourage students.
刻苦 (kèkǔ) is a formal and positive term used to describe serious, long-term endeavors. You wouldn't use it for simple daily tasks.
In Education: This is the most common context. It's high praise for a student. A student who is 刻苦 is not just smart, but puts in the maximum effort, sacrificing leisure time to study.
In Training: Used for athletes, soldiers, artists, or anyone undergoing rigorous training.
In Work/Research: Can be used to describe a scientist, researcher, or worker who tackles a difficult project with immense dedication over a long period.
Its connotation is always positive and admirable. It implies not just effort, but also strength of character.