These four characters literally combine to mean “Abandon sleep, forget food.” The structure is powerful and direct, creating an unforgettable image of someone who has pushed all physical needs aside in pursuit of a single-minded goal.
The idiom 废寝忘食 is deeply rooted in Chinese cultural values that prize diligence, perseverance, and the willingness to endure hardship (吃苦, chīkǔ) for a greater good. Historically, it was used to describe dedicated scholars studying for imperial exams or virtuous officials serving the state. This ideal of sacrificing personal comfort for one's duty, family, or personal achievement is a recurring theme in Chinese history and stories. Compared to the Western concept of a “workaholic,” 废寝忘食 carries a distinctly more positive connotation. While “workaholic” often implies an unhealthy obsession or an inability to switch off, 废寝忘食 is typically used as a compliment. It praises someone's passion, dedication, and strong work ethic. It suggests a noble pursuit, not an addiction. It highlights a temporary, intense period of focus on a specific, important goal, rather than a chronic, unhealthy lifestyle.
In modern China, 废寝忘食 is frequently used to describe students, professionals, and creatives.
The connotation is overwhelmingly positive, used to express admiration. However, it can sometimes be used with a gentle warning, as in “You've been working so hard you're forgetting to eat and sleep; don't ruin your health!” (你最近真是废寝忘食，但也要注意身体啊！).