When you combine 生态 (ecology) and 文明 (civilization), you get 生态文明 (Ecological Civilization): a new, advanced form of human society that is defined by its ecological enlightenment and harmony with nature.
“Ecological Civilization” is arguably one of the most important political terms in 21st-century China. Its significance is deeply rooted in both a reaction to recent history and a connection to ancient philosophy. After decades of rapid industrialization led to severe environmental degradation, the Chinese government introduced this concept as a strategic course correction. It's heavily promoted by President Xi Jinping and has been written into both the national and the Communist Party's constitutions, elevating it to the highest level of state ideology. The concept draws inspiration from traditional Chinese philosophies like Taoism, which emphasizes living in harmony with the natural way of things (道法自然, dào fǎ zìrán), and Confucianism's pursuit of a balanced, harmonious social order. Comparison with Western “Sustainability”: While the goals are similar, the approach is different. Western “environmentalism” or “sustainability” is often driven by grassroots movements, NGOs, and consumer choice, sometimes in opposition to corporate or government interests. In contrast, 生态文明 is a state-led, top-down directive. It's not an optional “green” lifestyle choice but a national mandate for all sectors of society. It frames environmental stewardship not just as a responsibility, but as a key metric of national rejuvenation and a core component of the “Chinese Dream” (中国梦).
This term is not just abstract political jargon; it has real-world impacts.
The term always carries a formal and positive connotation, representing progress, wisdom, and a better future.