The characters literally combine to mean “precisely figure, finely calculate.” This creates a vivid image of someone carefully considering every single detail before making a decision, ensuring no resource is wasted.
精打细算 is more than a financial strategy; it's a cultural virtue deeply rooted in China's history. For centuries, thrift (节俭, jiéjiǎn) was essential for survival in an agrarian society where harvests could be unpredictable. Saving for the future, for family, and for unexpected hardships was not just wise but a moral responsibility. In Western culture, the closest concept is “being frugal” or “budgeting.” However, these terms can sometimes feel like a lifestyle choice (e.g., minimalism) or a temporary necessity. 精打细算 carries a stronger, more consistently positive weight. It is seen as a sign of a good head on one's shoulders, a cornerstone of a well-managed household (勤俭持家, qínjiǎn chíjiā), and a mark of a responsible person. It stands in stark contrast to being “stingy” or “cheap” (小气, xiǎoqì), which is viewed negatively. A person who is 精打细算 will still treat friends to a meal, but they might choose a restaurant with a great promotional deal. A person who is `小气` would avoid treating their friends altogether. The first is smart; the second is ungenerous.
精打细算 is a common term used in various aspects of modern life.
Its connotation is almost always positive, indicating prudence and resourcefulness.