The concept of 自主 (zìzhǔ) is a fascinating intersection of China's modern ambitions and its traditional values. On a national level, 自主 is a cornerstone of modern Chinese identity and policy. The phrase `独立自主 (dúlì zìzhǔ)`, meaning “independent and autonomous,” is a mantra in foreign policy, emphasizing sovereignty and non-interference. Economically, the government heavily promotes `自主创新 (zìzhǔ chuàngxīn)`, or “indigenous innovation,” to develop domestic technology and reduce reliance on foreign countries. This reflects a deep-seated national desire for self-reliance and global respect. On a personal level, 自主 represents a more modern value that sometimes negotiates with traditional collectivism. While Chinese culture has historically prized group harmony and respect for hierarchy (e.g., filial piety), modern life increasingly demands individual initiative. A young person's desire for `婚姻自主 (hūnyīn zìzhǔ)`—the right to choose their own spouse—can be a point of friction with parents who hold more traditional views. Thus, personal 自主 is not about selfishly breaking away, but about responsibly managing one's own life within the existing social fabric. Compared to the Western concept of “independence,” 自主 (zìzhǔ) is subtly different. “Independence” in the West often implies physical, financial, and emotional separation—“leaving the nest.” 自主, however, focuses on decision-making power. You can be a highly integrated member of a family or a company (and therefore not fully “independent”) but still have a high degree of 自主 in your choices and actions. It's less about separation and more about agency.
自主 is a common and positive term used across various formal and informal contexts.
The connotation is almost always positive, implying competence, maturity, and proactiveness.