风骨 is a concept deeply rooted in Chinese philosophy and aesthetics, particularly from the Wei-Jin period (220-420 AD). This was a time of political instability, leading many scholars and artists (文人, wénrén) to retreat from corrupt government service. They instead championed authenticity, individualism, and a principled life, an ethos known as 魏晋风度 (Wèi Jìn fēngdù). These intellectuals, like the famous “Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove” (竹林七贤), became the archetype of 风骨. They lived according to their own principles, finding value in art, nature, and philosophy rather than power or wealth. In art and literature, 风骨 refers to a style that is vigorous, direct, and imbued with the creator's strong character. A piece of calligraphy with 风骨 isn't just technically perfect; it feels alive with the artist's unbending spirit. Comparison to a Western Concept: The closest Western concept is “integrity” or “moral backbone.” However, 风骨 is unique because it intrinsically links this moral strength to an aesthetic dimension. An American might say, “He's a man of integrity; he always does the right thing.” A Chinese person admiring someone's 风骨 is appreciating not only *that* they do the right thing, but also the dignified, noble, and almost artistic *way* in which they stand by their principles. It's integrity expressed with a certain scholarly grace and steadfast composure.
风骨 is a formal, literary, and highly respectful term. It is not used in casual, everyday conversation. You would use it to confer high praise on someone, often in a more formal or written context.